The mammalian complement system is a phylogenetically ancient cascade system that has a major role in innate and adaptive immunity. Activation of component C3 (1,641 residues) is central to the three ...

For the complement system to cause AMD, there must be initiation (a ‘trigger’), amplification, and local retinal damage caused by the process. The alternative pathway of the complement system is ...

Immunotherapy is increasingly becoming standard therapy in cancer, with technology, such as checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapy, raising the efficacy bar in many forms of the disease. But the ...