For more than a century, maps of the brain have been based on how brain tissue looks under the microscope. These anatomical ...

Many horse owners think the existence of the prefrontal cortex is a major controversy in equine science. It’s not. It’s just an area that’s riddled with misinformation. Curiously, most people—horsey ...

In Newen and Montemayor’s evolutionary framework, basic arousal developed first. It’s like nature’s security alarm, warning ...

An international team of scientists has uncovered neural mechanisms used in planning. Its results suggest that an interplay between the brain's prefrontal cortex and hippocampus allows us to imagine ...

What makes the human brain distinct from that of all other animals — including even our closest primate relatives? In an analysis of cell types in the prefrontal cortex of four primate species, Yale ...

The prefrontal cortex region of the human brain is responsible for a range of complex functions from decision-making to certain types of memory. When something goes wrong in this part of the brain, it ...

The cerebral cortex is your brain’s outermost layer. It has a wrinkled appearance due to the grooves and folds that increase its surface area. Here, we look at the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and ...

In this guide to the canine adolescent years, Christopher Pachel, DVM, DACVB, CABC (IAABC), breaks down this critical phase—from hormones to the prefrontal cortex—based on his 2026 VMX session in ...